The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch free essay sample

In biology lab we conducted an experiment in order to understand the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. For this experiment you will need a spectrophotometer, a timer, starch solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, thermometers, distilled water, several cuvettes, ice, iodine solution, pipette, notepad, and pen/ pencil for recording data. Methods The lab manuel provided the basic procedures needed for the experiment. First all materials were gathered. We poured 35ml of starch solution in a beaker and added 35ml of a buffer. This flask was the reaction flask. Then we proceeded to zero the spectrophotometer by using a blank cuvette. The blank cuvette consisted of 5ml of pH and 5 ml of distilled water. Once the spectrophotometer was zeroed 1ml of amylase was added to the reaction flask. This indicated the beginning of the reaction. After every two minutes iodine would be added to stop the reaction, and someone would immediately record the absorbancy from the spectrophotometer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was repeated in two-minute increments until twenty minutes passed. The data was recorded in a table. The same basic process was used when recording the effects of temperature. But this time the reaction flask consisted of 35ml of distilled water and 35ml of starch solution. The beaker was then placed in a heated compartment of about seventy degrees Celsius. Once the amylase was added the same process used with the first experiment was repeated and the data was recorded in a table. Introduction Enzyme kinetics is the study of rates of chemical reactions. In this experiment we set out to observe how ph and temperature would effect the reaction rate for amylase on starch. By recording the findings in the data we hope to establish an optimum ph and temperature for this reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Because proteins have three- dimensional structures they are sensitive to their environment. Temperature and pH are environmental factors that effect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature at which the reaction rate is greatest and the enzyme is most active. Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in the saliva of ones mouth. It plays a key role in human ingestion by acting on the starch found in the foods that humans consume. Because starch is insoluble amylase from the saliva is used to break it down into simpler form such as maltose. This allows human to absorb the starch. The optimum temperature for this reaction would be close to forty degrees Celsius which is very close to the body temperature of humans. The optimum ph for this reaction would be 7(neutral) because it is in your mouth. Different amylase enzymes are produced by other organisms. The amylase used in this experiment is actually one from barely seeds. This enzyme is harvested commercially from germinating barely seeds. The purpose of this experiment is to find the optimum temperature and ph for the reaction of this amylase on starch. This will be done by collecting data and calculating the reaction rates at different temperatures and pHs. The calculations will then be displayed on graphs where the optimum temperature and pH can be noticed. With no prior knowledge with the enzymes used in this experiment I predict that the optimum temperature will be forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH will be six. Based on my research the optimum temperature is about forty degrees Celsius so I am assuming that forty five degrees Celsius will be optimum. I also assume that six will be the optimum pH because it is not as acidic as the other pHs. The alternative hypotheses might be that the optimum temperature is greater than forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH is 4, which is the most acidic. This experiment is designed to give students first hand experience in defining optimum temperatures and pHs for enzymes. It is known that the optimal temperatures and pHs vary between enzymes. Now we must use data and calculate the optimal pH and temperatures of enzymes ourselves. The will undoubtedly be errors due to limited accuracy but the overall outcome of the experiments should be the same. These basic concepts of gathering data and expressing them in tables and charts are essential to many of the basic concepts used in biology for displaying data. It is also important that we become familiar with enzymatic activity because it has so much to with the everyday world that we live in from the food that we eat, to medicines that we take, and even in nature. Most of the processes that occur in humans are endothermic, and without enzymes lowering the activation energy t would be difficult for life to exist. Enzymatic activity is a microscopic process that effects our lives everyday. Results The data in the experiment show that the optimum pH for amylase on starch is 5 and the optimum temperature is forty-five degrees Celsius. The greatest change in delta A occurred at forty five degrees Celsius and fifty five degrees Celsius. These two values also had the highest reaction rates. However, the greatest change in delta A occurred at ph of 4. 5 and that was not the optimum pH. There was probably an error that occurred in the experiment that can explain this. Discussion The results of the experiment disproved part of my hypothesis. The results for temperature were consistent and supported my hypotheses. Although, I was correct in assuming that the optimum temperature would be forty-five degrees Celsius, I was wrong about the optimum pH. The experiment showed that the optimum pH was five and not six. This shows that the amylase works better in a slightly more acidic pH than I thought. As the amylase was breaking down the starch the outside physical environment was affecting the reaction rate. Heat causes the reaction rate to speed up and more substrates and enzymes can bind. But this is only to a certain extent. The optimal heat of a reaction is limited. After the optimum heat the enzymes will get overheated, change shape, and denature as can be observed from the graphs. The same applies for the optimal pH. After the enzyme has reached the optimal pH it will begin to denature as well. The only difference is that the reaction rates for enzymes are much more limited by pH that by temperature. At very low temperature enzymes are inactive. Heat increases enzymatic activity to its optimum point. However, pH has little or no activity until it is near the optimal ph. One can observe this by the differences of the two curves that are drawn. There some miscalculations found while graphing the data which were probably due to human error. But graphing a line of best fit helped to solve the problem. Bibliography Vliet,K. A. (ed). 1996. A laboratory Manuel for Integrated principles of Biology; Part One-BSC2010L, Ginn Press, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, Campbell, Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. , Redwood City California The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch free essay sample In biology lab we conducted an experiment in order to understand the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. For this experiment you will need a spectrophotometer, a timer, starch solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, thermometers, distilled water, several cuvettes, ice, iodine solution, pipette, notepad, and pen/ pencil for recording data. Methods The lab manuel provided the basic procedures needed for the experiment. First all materials were gathered. We poured 35ml of starch solution in a beaker and added 35ml of a buffer. This flask was the reaction flask. Then we proceeded to zero the spectrophotometer by using a blank cuvette. The blank cuvette consisted of 5ml of pH and 5 ml of distilled water. Once the spectrophotometer was zeroed 1ml of amylase was added to the reaction flask. This indicated the beginning of the reaction. After every two minutes iodine would be added to stop the reaction, and someone would immediately record the absorbancy from the spectrophotometer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was repeated in two-minute increments until twenty minutes passed. The data was recorded in a table. The same basic process was used when recording the effects of temperature. But this time the reaction flask consisted of 35ml of distilled water and 35ml of starch solution. The beaker was then placed in a heated compartment of about seventy degrees Celsius. Once the amylase was added the same process used with the first experiment was repeated and the data was recorded in a table. Introduction Enzyme kinetics is the study of rates of chemical reactions. In this experiment we set out to observe how ph and temperature would effect the reaction rate for amylase on starch. By recording the findings in the data we hope to establish an optimum ph and temperature for this reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Because proteins have three- dimensional structures they are sensitive to their environment. Temperature and pH are environmental factors that effect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature at which the reaction rate is greatest and the enzyme is most active. Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in the saliva of ones mouth. It plays a key role in human ingestion by acting on the starch found in the foods that humans consume. Because starch is insoluble amylase from the saliva is used to break it down into simpler form such as maltose. This allows human to absorb the starch. The optimum temperature for this reaction would be close to forty degrees Celsius which is very close to the body temperature of humans. The optimum ph for this reaction would be 7(neutral) because it is in your mouth. Different amylase enzymes are produced by other organisms. The amylase used in this experiment is actually one from barely seeds. This enzyme is harvested commercially from germinating barely seeds. The purpose of this experiment is to find the optimum temperature and ph for the reaction of this amylase on starch. This will be done by collecting data and calculating the reaction rates at different temperatures and pHs. The calculations will then be displayed on graphs where the optimum temperature and pH can be noticed. With no prior knowledge with the enzymes used in this experiment I predict that the optimum temperature will be forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH will be six. Based on my research the optimum temperature is about forty degrees Celsius so I am assuming that forty five degrees Celsius will be optimum. I also assume that six will be the optimum pH because it is not as acidic as the other pHs. The alternative hypotheses might be that the optimum temperature is greater than forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH is 4, which is the most acidic. This experiment is designed to give students first hand experience in defining optimum temperatures and pHs for enzymes. It is known that the optimal temperatures and pHs vary between enzymes. Now we must use data and calculate the optimal pH and temperatures of enzymes ourselves. The will undoubtedly be errors due to limited accuracy but the overall outcome of the experiments should be the same. These basic concepts of gathering data and expressing them in tables and charts are essential to many of the basic concepts used in biology for displaying data. It is also important that we become familiar with enzymatic activity because it has so much to with the everyday world that we live in from the food that we eat, to medicines that we take, and even in nature. Most of the processes that occur in humans are endothermic, and without enzymes lowering the activation energy t would be difficult for life to exist. Enzymatic activity is a microscopic process that effects our lives everyday. Results The data in the experiment show that the optimum pH for amylase on starch is 5 and the optimum temperature is forty-five degrees Celsius. The greatest change in delta A occurred at forty five degrees Celsius and fifty five degrees Celsius. These two values also had the highest reaction rates. However, the greatest change in delta A occurred at ph of 4. 5 and that was not the optimum pH. There was probably an error that occurred in the experiment that can explain this. Discussion The results of the experiment disproved part of my hypothesis. The results for temperature were consistent and supported my hypotheses. Although, I was correct in assuming that the optimum temperature would be forty-five degrees Celsius, I was wrong about the optimum pH. The experiment showed that the optimum pH was five and not six. This shows that the amylase works better in a slightly more acidic pH than I thought. As the amylase was breaking down the starch the outside physical environment was affecting the reaction rate. Heat causes the reaction rate to speed up and more substrates and enzymes can bind. But this is only to a certain extent. The optimal heat of a reaction is limited. After the optimum heat the enzymes will get overheated, change shape, and denature as can be observed from the graphs. The same applies for the optimal pH. After the enzyme has reached the optimal pH it will begin to denature as well. The only difference is that the reaction rates for enzymes are much more limited by pH that by temperature. At very low temperature enzymes are inactive. Heat increases enzymatic activity to its optimum point. However, pH has little or no activity until it is near the optimal ph. One can observe this by the differences of the two curves that are drawn. There some miscalculations found while graphing the data which were probably due to human error. But graphing a line of best fit helped to solve the problem. Bibliography Vliet,K. A. (ed). 1996. A laboratory Manuel for Integrated principles of Biology; Part One-BSC2010L, Ginn Press, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, Campbell, Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. , Redwood City California

The Meaning of the Name Kovacs

The Meaning of the Name Kovacs Kovcs (КÐ ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‡) is a surname that means forger or smith in the Hungarian language, from the Slavonic Kovaà ¨. The Hungarian equivalent to the English surname Smith, Kovcs is the second most common surname in Hungary. Kovacs is the second most common Hungarian surname according to surname distribution data from Forebears. Surname Origin:  Hungarian, Slavic Alternate Surname Spellings:  KOVATS, KOVAC, KOVAT, KOVATS, KOVACH, KOWAL, KOVAL Fun Facts About the Kovcs Surname The Kovacs surname most commonly originates from Hungary, although this is not always the case. Similar surnames include Kovach (Carpatho-Ruthenian), Kowal (Poland) and Koval (Ukraine). The singular Kovac may be the original surname, an adaptation of Kovacs, or a shortened version of a longer name such as Dukovac. These are all just general guidelines, however. The specific surname variation used by your family may also be something as simple as a spelling change and have nothing to do with its original origin. Famous People With the Surname Ernie Kovacs, popular American television comedianLszlà ³ Kovcs, legendary cinematographerTom Kovach, American author and activistLuca KovaÄ , a fictional character (doctor) portrayed by Goran ViÃ… ¡njić on the American television series ER Genealogy Resources Kovacs/Kovats FamilyTree DNA ProjectThis Y-DNA project is open to all individuals with the surnames Kovacs, Kovats, or any derivative such as Kovaks, Kovak, Kovac, Kohen, Kohan, Kohn, Kovan, etc., of any ethnic or religious background.   Kovacs Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Kovacs family crest or coat of arms for the Kovacs surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Kovcs Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Kovcs surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Kovcs query. The Kovacs Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Kovacs from the website of Genealogy Today. Source: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

A Study of Performances Improvement on IT Project Management Workers Dissertation

A Study of Performances Improvement on IT Project Management Workers ..A Case Study of China's C Information Technologies Co - Dissertation Example Moreover, Maslow’s motivational theory is used in understanding the motivation for improved performance within C Information Technologies Ltd. More importantly, the evaluation and discussion of factors affecting the performance of individuals and the strategies used by companies to improve performance are analysed and discussed within the paper. Introduction and Background The human resource function of contemporary organizations has revealed an increased focus on performance management for IT employees. Wikina (2008, p. 19) explains that this is attributed to the increased competitiveness within various markets and the changes in work activities which emanate from the advancement of information and communication technology. Performance management involves employee evaluation within the IT department which acts as a guideline for the needs of employees for skills, knowledge and abilities that will allow them to improve their productivity and performance at the work place (Gheo rghe & Hack, 2007, p. 17). China is a very competitive and rapidly growing economy especially within the IT sector. In addition, companies operating in China have experienced tremendous changes in the recent past which are related to the changing business environment and the demand for IT expertise. It is because of these challenges that most organizations and companies within China have demonstrated an increased regard for performance improvement for IT staff through employee development and training. This paper presents a report on the investigation on performance improvement among IT project management workers within C Information Technologies Ltd. The Chinese company acts as a case study for this investigation which is aimed at achieving a deeper understanding of the process of performance management as it is applicable within this company. More specifically, the study will achieve an analysis and evaluation of the characteristics of the company’s IT staff such as skills and attitudes towards work. This analysis will be conjugated with a study on the various factors which affect the performance of the C Information Technologies Ltd.’s IT staff with a view of determining the need for improvement. Furthermore the paper explores past literature on the topic to analyse and discuss the factors affecting performance management and the best strategies of improving the performance of the IT project workers within the IT industry. More significantly though is the fact that this study applies scientific methodology approach in meeting the following research questions and objectives. Objectives of the Study 1. To explore upon the theoretical framework on incentives and motivation of IT project staff which contributes to improved performance 2. To find out the important factors which affect job performance of IT project staff 3. To determine the most effective techniques and strategies in performance management which will improve the performance of IT pr oject staff within C Information Technologies Ltd. Research Questions 1. What are the performance characteristics of IT project staff within C Information Technologies Ltd? 2. What theoretical framework describes the motivations and incentives behind the level of performance among the c C Information Tec

Ways in Which the UK Football Industry Has Embraced the Principles of Essay

Ways in Which the UK Football Industry Has Embraced the Principles of the CSR Movement - Essay Example The paper tells that although football is the most popular sport in the world, it needs to embrace corporate social responsibility in its activities. In the UK, the football industry is growing day by day. Thus, it must come up with measures to contribute to the well-being of the general society. In sports management, corporate social responsibility is a new concept. As a result, the national federations and football clubs have a responsibility to ensure that they give back to the society. The managers must ensure that they come up with new programs which target the general public in running their activities. They must ensure that they influence the world around positively. Ideally, corporate social responsibility is the continued behavior of businesses of behaving ethically and ensuring that they contribute to the economic development of the society. In the past, football was mainly viewed as a hobby. However, in the recent past, football has created a global industry of its own. Gl obalization has led to the development of football as a sport and at the same time as an income generation industry. Thus, there has been a need to ensure that the football clubs come up with ways of ensuring that they are ethically responsible. Consequently, most of the football corporations have become a corporation. Thus, most of them have recognized that they must show their responsibility to the members of the society. Due to that, most of the football clubs in the United Kingdom have come up with a community relations department which deals with CSR. The football federations have moved from their passive philanthropic role and have become a responsible and committed sector in the affairs of the society.

Why Are Business Ethics Important?

Why Are Business Ethics Important? Nowadays for the company or the business man, making more money is not their only target because they should pay attention to other important issues .Therefore business ethics emerge as very significant for modern society and Modern Corporations. Further more, if they make decisions in business ethics, then these companies will have good reputations. This can be very helpful long-term. This essay focuses on how Apple company using business ethics and how Apple motivates their employees. In this essay, I have very clearly defined business ethics. Then it will talk about why business ethics and motivation are important. On the other hand, Motivation is a vital factor in an organizations success. It is defined as the energy that drives an individual to continue working on something. By developing motivation, the management is able to create a pool of workers who are passionate, hard working, ambitious, and committed not only to their jobs but also to the goals of the organization. Lastl y, motivation is encouraged by promoting needs such as pay, job security, interesting work environment, and healthy relationships among peers. This essay, which is composed of three parts: why business ethics and motivation are important, the literature review and some research of how Apple company using business ethics and how Apple motivates their employees. Why are business ethics important? Business ethics is currently a very prominent business topic, debates and dilemmas surrounding business ethics have attracted a lot of attention from various quarters. The only reason that business ethics is becoming more and more important and it has had a big impact on our communities. According to my research, there are many reasons why business ethics might be regarded as an increasingly important area of study. In summary, I can suggest the following reasons why a good understanding of business ethics is important. Firstly, the power and influence of corporations in society is greater than ever before. Evidence suggests that many members of the public are uneasy with such developments (Bernstein, 2000). For instance, one recent poll of more than 20 leading economic nations revealed that almost 75% of residents believed large companies had too much influence on the decisions of their government (Cywinski, 2008). Secondly, business has the potential to provide a major contribution to our societies in terms of producing the products and services that we want. It also provides employment, paying taxes, and acting as an engine for our world development. As a 2008 global survey conducted by McKinsey shows, about 50% of business executives think that corporations make a mostly or somewhat positive contribution to society, while some 25% believe that their contribution is mostly or somewhat negative (McKinsey Quarterly, 2008). Thirdly, business malpractices have the potential to inflict enormous harm on individuals, on communities, and on the environment. For example, the BP gasoline company, because it made a mistake, polluted large acreage of the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Further more, few businesspeople have received formal business ethics education or training. Business ethics can help to improve ethical decision-making by managers or decision makers. The knowledge of business ethics can help them to correctly identify, diagnose, analyze, and provide solutions t o the ethical problems and dilemmas they are confronted with. Why are motivations important? First of all, the term motivation derives from the Latin word movere, meaning to move (Tansky, 2003). To be successful or even more successful, nowadays both private and public corporations need to maximize the use of their employees skills. Aslan (2011) said Employees were considered as solely one of the inputs during the factories production process in the initial stages of the industrial revolution. And further more, human resource management is the most critical part fororganizations in todays highly competitive business environment. Therefore, make the organization effective through motivating employees that is the primary task of any managers. It is obvious that motivation can be main factors that determines the work performance of employees. And therefore an organizations success mostly depends on the highly motivated employees. But how do we motivate our subordinate? Maslow need tneedsy already solved some of these problems. If we know what drives the people, then we are able to make them to do what we want (Owens, 2004; Eren, 2007; Ko?el, 2010). Moreover, Kulkarni and Chiniwar (2009) said the Hawthorne Studies began the human relations approach to management, and then the needs and motivation of employees become an important topic for managers. On the other hand motivation is a framework in so many aspects because people are usually motivated by different combination factors. Reinholt (2006) argues that the organizational science literature on motivation has been polarized into two main aspects; the organizational economic position focusing on extrinsic motivation and the organizational behavior position emphasizing intrinsic motivation any highly competive business environment. Therefore, make the organization effective through motivating employees that is the primary task of any managers. It is obvious that motivation can be main factors that determines the work performance of employees. And therefore an organizations success mostly depends on the hi ghly motivated employees.   But how do we motivate our subordinate?   If we know what drives the people, then we are able to make them to do what we want (Owens, 2004; Eren, 2007; Ko?el, 2010). Moreover, Kulkarni and Chiniwar (2009) said the Hawthorne Studies began the human relations approach to management, and then the needs and motivation of employees become an important topic for managers. On the other hand motivation is a framework in so many aspects because people are usually motivated by different combination factors. Reinholt (2006) argues that the organizational science literature on motivation has been polarized into two main aspects; the organizational economic position focusing on extrinsic motivation and the organizational behavior position emphasizing intrinsic motivations success mostly depends on the highly motivated employees.   Literature Review One of the keys to successfully achieving organizational goals is to have fully motivated employees. According to Edward Staren (2009), motivators who implements positive reinforcements are more likely to produce desirable outcomes as compared to those who use negative ones. He also argues that factors of motivation vary on the individual level, which means that an effective manager has to recognize the needs of every employee in order for them to drive towards satisfaction on their work. Richard Clark (2002) points out the issues in addressing motivation are different when it comes to individuals and team-based organizations. He furthered that satisfying motivations in groups is more complex because the management has to find a common interests or goals from the members of the group before addressing them as one. Work environment is also important in motivating people. Other motivators include fair compensation and sufficient benefits such as insurances and performance-based incentives. In a study conducted by Poornima (2009) on employees in the IT industry, he concluded that both monetary and non-monetary rewards are not only crucial but also crucial in building satisfaction. In his study on software development staff in India, Poornima found out that monetary rewards are not always an effective motivator especially if the employees have already achieved their physiological needs. Michael Pepe (2010), on the other hand, identified extrinsic motivational factors to c ontribute to decreasing employee job satisfaction and commitment to work. Using a combined sample of 46 managers and clerical staff at a supermarket store, Pepe found out that as employees increase their perception on Supervisor ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s support, their satisfaction towards work also increases. An empirical study by Mannenetr and Kaen (2010) conducted for the tourism industry of Thailand and Laos showed similar results of positive working behavior if accompanied by effective motivational factors. Upon drawing a sample consisting of 140 workers who came from both the hotel business and travel agencies, the authors supported their hypothesis by coming up with the following results: (a) that the working behavior of people working for travel agencies and hotel businesses had the same rank level, (2) that the work motivation of personnel working for travel agencies has a direct and positive relationship with their work behavior, and (3) the working attitudes of personnel in the ho tel business also had a positive relationship with their motivation at work. Their study showed that positive reinforcements will then result to positive motivation, thus exhibiting better and positive attitudes in the workplace. Similarly, a descriptive survey approach conducted by Joseph and Dai (2010) identified factors that stimulate employees to work at their workplace. The study is able to demonstrate through a sample of 143 participants that positive motivators identified were: good pay, appreciation of their work, and job security are drivers of employee motivation. To measure the impact of motivation at work, Tremblay, Blanchard, Taylor, Pelletier, and Villenueve (2009) used Work Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Scale (WEIMS) to identify its value in organizational psychology. Their study was double purpose: first, to assess if WEIMS is an efficient tool in measuring motivation level and second, to assess factors affecting motivation among workers (military = 465; civilians = 192). Their findings found that WEIMS is reliable and practical in producing valid results in measuring motivation in organizational psychology setting. Houts, Keppler, and Kalfayan (2010), on the other hand, focused on motivation theory, corporate culture, and employment law in relation to organizational behavior, human resource management, and ethics. The case study researched a true-to-life lawsuit filed against a company due to inappropriate team building exercise implemented among the female employees. The authors have exemplified that motivational factors may be us ed in the wrong direction to exploit employees and cast aspersions on them. On the other hand, I have found some information about business ethics. In my opinion, business does not have just one single goal, which is adding economic value. Every company wants their business keep profitable, that means sustainability. Andrew and Dirk (2004) said sustainability refers to the long-term maintenance of systems according to environment, economic and social considerations. This is the best way or the only one way to make a business keep survive in the modern society. The concept of sustainability is generally regarded as having emerged from the environment perspective, most notably in forestry management (Hediger, 1999). The environment part is the basic principle of sustainability. It concerns the effective management of physical resources that are conserved for the future. Meanwhile, all biosystems are regarded as having the finite resources and finite capacity. As this reason, sustainable human activity must operate at a level that does not threaten the health o f those systems. That means we have to build a world for our posterity that can really enjoy the same living standards as us. So the Mine Companies, Oil Corporations, and steel manufactures should focus on this important issue. On the other hand, economic sustainability focuses on the economic performance of the corporation itself. For instance, the responsibility of management is to develop, produce, and market those products that can secure the long-term profitability of the corporation. That means management of the corporation should include the business ethics concepts, and the top managers or decision makers should understand what business ethics is. Because it definitely can help them make ethical decisions. The development of the social perspective on sustainability has tended to trail behind that of the environment and economic perspectives (Scott, Park, and Cocklin, 2000). The key issue in the social perspective on sustainability is that of social justice. Because corporati ons are the most important engines of economic development, so they have the duty to help people to establish the just and equitable world. Some of goals such as ensuring environmental sustainability, eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and achieving universal primary education. It is very difficult to achieve the goal, but all the companies have to try their best to do it. Secondly, corporate social responsibility still a big part for business ethics. Making a positive contribution to society might be regarded as a long-term investment in a safer, better and more equitable community, which subsequently benefits the corporation by creating an improved and stable competitive context in which to do business (Porter and Kramer, 2006). For a company, the social responsibility is really important, and this is the most significant issue in business ethics. Corporate social responsibility that includes economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities (Carroll, 1991). Therefore, if a company accomplishes all the duties, then this company will have a very good reputation and it will help it get the long-term competitive advantage. First of all, economic responsibility is the most basic principle in corporate social responsibility. Because companies have their own shareholders who demand a reasonable return on their investment. And then, these bosses h ave their employees, so the employees want safe and fairly paid jobs. Both of them have customers who demand good quality products at a fair price. The legal responsibility of corporations demands that businesses abide by the law and never break the law or constitution. Carroll (1991) suggests that the satisfaction of legal responsibilities is required of all corporations seeking to be socially responsible. On the other hand, ethical responsibility obliges companies to do what is right, just and fair. Carroll (1991) argues that ethical responsibilities therefore consist of what is generally expected by society over and above economic and legal expectations. The last responsibility is philanthropic, this aspect of CSR addresses a great variety of issues, such as charitable donations, support for local schools or hospitals and taking more care about employees and their families. Lastly, ethical issues in the firm-employee relation. So its the ethics inside the company. Every company has its own staff, so all the bosses try to motivate their employees and therefore they will be working so hard. But if they do not have a good relationship, maybe a boycott will happen and it will be harmful for the corporation. So, the ethical issues in the firm-employee relation can assist with investors building a modern company. A first important area is the information policy of the corporation (Hopkins and Hopkins 1999). It can be contended that employees have a right to know about the reason for downsizing a company and redundancy. If the company fires the employees, the company should make the compensation package regular, because they become unemployed people, so they need enough money to bridge the time for finding a new job. Moreover, employees might take control of individual decisions relevant their own jobs, they are not only a pawn of the employers. Employees are also allowed to express their views on decision taken by employer. So a boss or CEO for the company, he is not the only one decision maker or dictator. Their staffs also have the rights to make decisions. Therefore, I think employees have a full and codified right to determine major decisions n the company. How Apple Company Motivates employees and business ethics Apple Inc. the one of the most successful multinational corporation, worlds third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia. Fortune magazine 2009 named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. However, the company has received criticism for its contractors labor practices, and for Apples own environmental and business practices. But, as we all known nothing is perfect, so we can still learn some good stuffs about ethics and motivation from Apple Inc. Apple has been committed to the highest standards of social responsibility across its worldwide supply chain. It has been insist all of its suppliers provide safe working conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, and moreover use environmentally responsible manufacturing processes. Well terminate our relationship with those suppliers which do not respect the code or they refuse to take corrective actions based on audits (Apple supplier code, 2012). To respect labor and human right. Apples suppliers must uphold the rights of their workers. Apple does not tolerate involuntary labor, underage labor, excessive work hours, or discrimination. And as a member of the Fair Labor Association, Apple is setting a new standard in its industry for transparency and oversight. Moreover, Apples suppliers must create a safe and healthy work environment for their workers. Safety equipment, proper ventilation, and emergency procedures are just the beginning. On the other hand, Apples suppliers must use environmentally sound processes, including managing hazardous substances, treating wastewater, and limiting air emissions. Its all part of a commitment that starts with product design and continues through manufacturing and beyond. Lastly, the most important part for Apple is fostering and enforcing ethical practices. Apple has established ethics training programs for managers that cover proper recruitment of foreign workers, record-keeping and documentation of business practices, worker ID checks and age verification, tracking of working hours, and general management responsibilities. Apple-designed training programs have educated more than one million supply chain employees about their rights as workers, local laws and occupational health and safety (Apple, 2012). Look at how Apple motivates employees. In relation to creative organizations like Apple it is argued that the key success factor is employees motivation and therefore Apple need to be rewards employees in order to foster creative thinking and sustain high motivation (Tiddand Bessant, 2009). On the other hand, Kaplan Norton (1993) said Apple makes a comprehensive employee survey for its departments every two years. The survey questions are only concerned with how well employees understand the companys strategy. Apple motivates people depend on the result of the survey. It offers, such as product discounts or insurances (Apple, 2010).This policy can retain more and more employees work for Apple. Moreover, Steve Jobs, Apples CEO, argues that the latter is the gravitational force that puts all the bright and creative people together (Burrows, 2004). By the way, money and gifts are both good things to motivate people. For example, Apples employees receive d a free iPod Shuffle or iPhone a s a thank you for their achievements (Apple Insider 2005; Meinck, 2007). So now we can easily to find that Apple has a good policy or systems to do motivate employees and doing ethical business. As far as I concerned, Apple will innovate more and more new high tech products and soft wares. Because Apples motivation policy will attract more knowledge people come to work for it. In the future, Apple will become a good example of business ethics, and then organizations will learn business ethics from Apple. Therefore, in my opinion Apple will lead our future. Conclusion Hope we can learn some about motivation and business ethic, and some good example from Apple. Motivation is a result of equally combined efforts of positive reinforcements and the personal goals of an employee. The literature review tells that there is a direct correlation between motivational factors and working behaviors of personnel. Theories such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Equity Theory, and Goal Setting Theory help in understanding how motivation is formed and achieved through positive and negative reinforcements. It is also important for effective managers to realize that not all employees are aware that they are already unmotivated towards their work. On the other hand, business ethics is very important for the company in the modern society. Both developing and developed countries must focus on the theories and concepts. It is very difficult to make all the businesspeople doing ethical business, but I think in the future, it will be come true. Our human will build a perfec t world.

Punishment in America Research Paper Essay

Abstract   Punishment in America has mainly four goals: Retribution (deserved punishment), Deterrence, Societal protection and Rehabilitation. Ultimately all this punishment are aimed at maintaining societal order, but the justification for the sentence are closely tied to the American values of justice and fairness. However the justice sought by crime victims often conflicts with the fairness to the offenders. It’s therefore important to note that while punishment in America is meant to correct the offender the effectiveness of method used on the criminal determine the outcome to correct the anomaly. Restorative justice has proved to be a new method of restoring justice among the offenders.               Ã‚  Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Punishment reflects the dominant values of particular moments in history. By the end of 1960s for example, the number of Americans who were sentenced to imprisonment decreased because of widespread commitment of rehabilitating offenders. By contrast since 1970s record numbers of offenders have been sentenced to prison because of an emphasis of imposing strong punishment for the purposes of retribution, deterrence and incapitation. At the beginning of 21st century voices are calling for addition of restorative justice as a criminal sanction. According to George and Smith, 2005, there are mainly 4 types of punishment: Retribution/Deserved punishment, Deterrence, Societal protection and Rehabilitation. Effects of the 4 Types of Punishments Retribution/Deserved punishment: Retribution is a punishment inflicted on a person who has infringed on the rights of others so deserve to be penalized. Retribution means that those who have done a particular crime should be punished alike in proportion to the gravity of the crime or the extent to which others have been made to suffer. In retribution punishment, offenders must â€Å"pay their debts†.   Some scholars claim that the desire for retribution is a basic human emotion. They maintain that if the state does not provide retributive sanctions to reflect community revolution at offensive acts, citizens will take the law into their own hands to punish offenders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Under this view the failure of government to satisfy the people’s desire for retribution could produce social chaos. Using the concept of just deserts or deserved punishment to define retribution, some theorists argue that one who infringes on the rights of others deserve to be punished. In this view, punishment should be only for the wrong inflicted and not primarily to achieve other goals such as deterrence, societal protection or rehabilitation (George and smith, 2005) Deterrence: The roots of deterrence are traced back in 18th century in England among the followers of social philosopher Jeremy Bentham. He adopted Bentham’s theory of utilitarianism, which holds that human behavior is governed by the individuals’ calculation of the benefits versus the cost of his /her acts. Before stealing money for example, potential offenders would consider the punishment that others have received for similar acts would thereby be deterred. There are two types of deterrence: general deterrence which presumes that members of the public on observing the punishment of others will conclude that the crime outweighs the benefits. For general deterrence to be effective, the public must be constantly reminded about the likelihood and severity of punishment for various acts (George and smith, 2005)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The punishment must be severe enough to instill fear of the consequences of committing a crime. By contrast specific deterrence targets the decision and behavior of the offenders who have already been convicted. Under this approach, the amount and kind of punishment are calculated to discourage that criminal from repeating the offence. The punishment must be severe enough to cause the criminal to say â€Å"the consequence of my crime were too painful, I will not commit another crime†. The concept of deterrence has obvious difficulties (Nagin, 1998). Deterrence assumes that all people think before they act. As such deterrence does not account for people who commit crimes under the influence of drugs or alcohol or mental disorder. The effectiveness of deterrence is limited as well (Nagin, 1998). A study on deterrence effects of punishment would have to examine the impacts of different forms of criminal sanction on various potential lawbreakers. Therefore while legislation often cites deterrence as a rationale for certain sanctions, no one really knows the extent to which sentencing policies based on deterrence achieve their objective. Societal protection: This assumes that society can keep offenders from committing further crimes by detention in prison or by execution. Offenders can be confined within secure institutions and effectively prevented from committing additional harm against society for the duration of their sentence. Capital punishment is the ultimate method of societal protection. Research has suggested that a relatively small number of offenders commit a large number of violence and property crimes (George and smith, 2005). Questions arise about how to determine the length of the sentence. Presumably offenders will not be released until the state is sure that they will no longer commit crimes. Therefore the limit of this punishment is that it cannot predict accurately which offenders will commit more crime upon release. Rehabilitation: This refers to the goal of restoring a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of training or therapy. Americans want to believe that offenders can be treated and resocialised in ways that allow them to lead a crime –free productive life upon release. Over the last hundred years, rehabilitation advocates have argued for techniques that they claim identify and treat the causes of criminal behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rehabilitation focuses on the offender. Its objective does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime .according to concept of rehabilitation, offenders are treated, not punished and they are returned to the society when they are cured. Studies on the results of rehabilitation have challenged the idea that criminal offenders can be cured (Margolis, 1974). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above methods have proved to be not too effective and the new approach to punishment is restorative justice. Restorative justice view crime as more than a violation of penal law. The criminal act practically and symbolically denies the community. This approach means that losses suffered by the crime victim are restored and the threat to the local safety is removed and the offender again becomes a fully participating member of the community. Shifting the focus to restorative justice requires a three way approach that involves the offender, the victim and the community. This approach may include mediation in which the three actors devise ways that all agree are fair and just for the offender to repair the harm done to victim and community. References George, F. C. and Smith E.G, (2005): ‘Criminal Justice in America, Criminology’, 4th Edition. Nagin, D.1998: ‘Criminal deterrence research at the onset of the twenty-first century’: crime and justice review of research, Vol. 23. Margolis, E.1974: ‘The effectiveness of rehabilitation punishment as a cure for crime’, research paper.

What to Expect From Topics on Argumentative Essay?

What to Expect From Topics on Argumentative Essay? Before you turn in your assignment, you will want to check over it one final moment. When you're picking your topic, bear in mind that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. How to lower level of stress when you reside in a fast-paced society. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. If you've got to compose your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Quite frequently, college essay topics prove to be more challenging than students expected, therefore it may be reasonable to request assistance. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Many students know that it's not simple to effectively develop an argumentative topic. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most significant point to do is to select a topic and an argument you can really get behind. Among the most prevalent issues in our world today is the matter of deforestation. You're going to need to choose a topic first, but your topic needs to be something that has two conflicting points or various conclusions. When you are requested to select a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. What You Don't Know About Topics on Argumentative Essay In order to create your arguments strong enough, it isn't sufficient to find out more about the materials only, a writer should also think about the audience he's writing for, cultural background education, other characteristics would help to develop influential argumentation. So ensure you decide on a subject, which has values in it. In many professional contexts, respectful argumentation is the thing that leads to the growth of new thoughts and perspectives. Topics on Argumentative Essay - the Story There are lots of aspects about a sport that may be argu ed in an essay. When you are finished with your essay, you must not merely check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. To locate argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you want to comprehend about the argumentative essay. Thus, you can ask all the essential questions and consult on some points. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. Well, grading papers are often quite dull. However soon you're predicted to file your college argumentative essay for grading, we'll write the paper for you. When students are writing their argumentative essays which must find, read and analyze plenty of material to do good. To write a strong argumentative essay, they should begin by familiarizing themselves with some of the common, and often conflicting, positions on the research topic so that they can write an informed paper. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Topics on Argumentative Essay The trick to scoring well with these kinds of topics is that the writer knows the healthcare facts. There are occasions once the teacher themselves assign the topics, but it isn't necessary. Once every so often, your professor might offer you the liberty of writing an argumentative essay for college on the subject of your selection. Professional essay writers at 5staressays can help you, in the event you're looking for specialists to guide you. Then take a look at a list of argumentative essay suggestions to help you begin. It's possible to pick topics from assorted lists of ready themes. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's vital to at all times be critically considering the world around us. All About Topics on Argumentative Essay You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will allow you to select your own. If you're in a college and need to compose an argumentative essay, you should decide on a subject of high importance. Naturally, it's so much better when a student is supplied a freedom to pick the subject of their essay. On the grounds of that, you can decide on a topic to write on. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. Picking an emotional topic is also a great idea. The key to select a great topic for an argumentative essay is to select a subject where there's a lot of debates on topics or stances. As you might believe that to be able to create a fantastic original argumentative paper, you've got to devote all night studying, it is not accurate. Life is much better than it was 50 decades ago. Relevant Topics that are related to your society will engage the reader in the most effective possible method. If so, Harvard format is the thing to do.